How to Optimize Projects in Adobe After Effects CC

This chapter is from the book

Adobe After Effects CC Visual Effects and Compositing Studio Techniques

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This chapter is from the book

This chapter is from the book 

Adobe After Effects CC Visual Effects and Compositing Studio Techniques

Learn More Buy

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• Build a system that even a fool can use and only a fool will want to use it.
• —George Bernard Shaw

Sometimes, like a master chef—you can prep items and consider them “done” before the guests are in the restaurant and it’s time to cook the meal. At other times, like a programmer, you must isolate and debug elements of a project, creating controlled tests when necessary to understand how things are working. This chapter provides the technical knowledge to allow the artistry to shine.

Work with Multiple Comps and Projects

A modestly complicated shot can entail thousands of individual edits and decisions, and it’s easy to lose track of assets when projects get complicated. This section demonstrates

• how and why to work with a project template
• how to organize a complex, multiple-composition pipeline
• shortcuts to help maintain orientation within the project as a whole

NOTES

Precomposing is the action of selecting a set of layers in a master composition and assigning it to a new subcomp, which becomes a layer in the master comp. Closely related to this is composition nesting, the act of placing one already created composition inside of another.

These tips are especially useful if you’re someone who understands compositing but sometimes finds After Effects disorienting.

Precomping and Composition Nesting

Precomposing is often regarded as the bane of After Effects, because vital information is hidden from the current comp’s Timeline in a nested comp. Artists may sometimes let a composition become unwieldy, with dozens of layers, rather than bite the bullet and send a set of those layers into a precomp. Yet precomping is both an effective way to organize the timeline and a key to problem solving and optimization in After Effects. Motion graphics comps can involve the animation and coordination of hundreds of animated elements. In a visual effects context, however, if your VFX composition has more than 20 or so layers, you’re doing precomping wrong, making your work way less efficient overall.

TIP

A good VFX composition has no more than a couple dozen layers, maximum, and usually no more than half that. Motion graphics comps are different, because they can involve coordinating the motion of dozens or even hundreds of elements together.

Typically, precomping is done by selecting layers of a composition to group together, and choosing Precompose from the Layer menu (Ctrl+Shift+C/Cmd+Shift+C). Two options appear (the second option is grayed out if multiple layers have been selected): to leave attributes (effects, transforms, masks, paint, blending modes) in place, or transfer them into the new composition.

script

Pre-compose by Jeff Almasol (http://aescripts.com/rd-pre-compose/) displays a dialog to precomp one or more layers, just like the regular After Effects dialog, but adds the ability to trim the precomp to the selected layer’s duration, including trim handles.

Why Precomp?

Precomping prevents a composition from containing too many layers to manage in one timeline, and it also adds a few other advantages. You can

• Reuse a set of elements.
• Fix render order problems. For example, masks are always applied before effects in a given layer, but a precomp can contain an effect so that the mask in the master comp follows that effect in the render order.
• Organize a project by grouping interrelated elements.
• Specify an element or set of layers as completed (and even pre-render them, as discussed later in this chapter).

Close-Up: Cache Work Area in Background

One reward for effectively using precomping is the ability to then save the entire precomp to the disk cache for immediate playback. This happens automatically when you preview the master sequence containing the precomp in question, but you can also select the precomp in the Project panel or open its timeline and choose Composition > Cache Work Area in Background to make After Effects immediately pre-render it in the background. As explained later in the chapter, the resulting cache remains available even if the project is reopened at a later time, provided it is reopened on the same system.

Many After Effects artists are already comfortable with the idea of precomping but miss that last point. As you read through this, think about the advantages of considering an element finished, even if only for the time being.

The Project Panel: Think of It as a File System

How do you like to organize your system—tidy folders for everything or files strewn across the desktop? Personally, I’m most content with a project that is well organized, even if I’m the only one likely to work on it. When sharing with others, however, good organization becomes essential. The Project panel mirrors your file system (whether it’s Explorer or Finder), and keeping it well organized and tidy can clarify your thought process regarding the project.

I know, I know, eat your vegetables, and clean your room. Imagine that the person next opening your project is you, but with a case of amnesia—actually, that basically is you after a sufficient period of time.

Figure 4.1 shows a couple of typical project templates containing multiple compositions to create one final shot, although these could certainly be adapted for a group of similar shots or a sequence. When you need to return to a project over the course of days or weeks, this level of organization can be a lifesaver.

Figure 4.1. A complex project, such as a shot for a feature film, might be generically organized (top) to include numbering that reflects pipeline order and multiple output comps with no actual edits, just the necessary settings. At minimum (bottom), you should have Source and Precomps folders, as well as a Reference folder, to keep project contents tidy.

Here are some ideas to help you create your own comp template:

• Create folders, such as Source, Precomps, and Reference, to group specific types of elements.
• Use numbering to reflect comp and sequence order so that it’s easy to see the order in the Project panel.
• Create a unique Final Output comp that has the format and length of the final shot, particularly if the format is at all different from what you’re using for work (because it’s scaled, cropped, or uses a different frame rate or color profile).

• Use guide layers and comments as needed to help artists set up the comp (Figure 4.2).

  

  Figure 4.2. Here is a series of non-rendering guide layers to define action areas and color.

• Organize Source folders for all footage, categorized as is most logical for your project.
• Place each source footage clip into a precomp, so that changes to source footage—where it is replaced for some reason—are easier to handle without causing some sort of train wreck.

TIP

The 04_comp_templates folder and project in the example files contain relevant example comps.

The basic organization of master comp, source comp, and render comp seems useful on a shot of just about any complexity, but your template can include a lot more than that: custom expressions, camera rigs, color management settings, and recurring effects setups.

script

Arrange Project Items into Folders (http://aescripts.com/arrange-project-items-into-folders/) looks for project items with a matching prefix and groups them together in a folder. Load Project or Template at Startup (http://aescripts.com/load-project-at-startup/) loads a project or template each time you start After Effects—this can really help if you need several people in a studio to follow a certain organizational style. Both scripts are by Lloyd Alvarez.

Manage Multiple Comps from the Timeline

Ever had that “where am I?” feeling when you’re working with a series of nested comps? That’s where Mini-Flowchart, or Miniflow, comes in. Simply press the Tab key with the Timeline panel displayed to enable it; alternatively, you can click the Miniflow button.

Miniflow (Figure 4.3) shows only the nearest neighbor comps, but click on the flow arrows at either end and you navigate up or down one level in the hierarchy. Click on any arrows or items in between the ends and that level is brought forward. You’re even free to close all compositions (Ctrl+Alt+W/Cmd+Opt+W), and then reopen only the ones you need using this feature.

Figure 4.3. By default, the comp order is shown flowing right to left. The reason for this is probably that if you open subcomps from a master comp, the tabs open to the right; however, you may want to choose Flow Left to Right in Miniflow’s panel menu instead.

What about cases where you want to coordinate work in a subcomp while seeing the result in the master comp? The Lock icon at the upper left of the Composition viewer lets you keep that Composition viewer forward while you open another composition’s Timeline panel and close its view panel. Lock the master comp and double-click a nested comp to open its Timeline panel; as you make adjustments, you see the result directly in the master comp.

TIP

If nothing else, a locked, untouchable Final Output comp prevents losing a render to an incorrectly set work area (because you were editing it for RAM previews).

Ctrl+Alt+Shift+N (Cmd+Opt+Shift+N) creates two Composition viewers side by side, and locks one of them, for any artist with ample screen real estate who wants the best of both worlds.

To locate a comp in the Project panel, you can

script

The script preCompToLayerDur.jsx from Dan Ebberts (found with the example scripts) starts a precomped layer at frame 1 even if the layer to be precomped is trimmed to a later time.

• select an item in the Project panel; click the caret to see where the item is used, along with the number of times, if any, the item is used in a comp (Figure 4.4)
  

  Figure 4.4. Click the caret next to the total number of times an item is used to see a list of where it is used.

  NOTES

  

  The Always Preview This View toggle lets you work entirely in a precomp but switch automatically to the master comp (if this is on in that comp) when previewing.

• context-click an item in the Project panel and choose Reveal in Composition; choose a composition and that comp is opened with the item selected
• context-click a layer in the timeline and choose Reveal Layer Source in Project to highlight the item in the Project panel

• context-click in the empty area of a timeline and choose Reveal Composition in Project to highlight that comp in the Project panel (igure 4.5)

  

  Figure 4.5. Find the empty area below the layers in the timeline and context-click; you can reveal the current comp in the Project panel.

• type the name of the comp in the Project panel search field

Ways to Break the Pipeline

Precomping solves problems, but it can also create problems—or at least inconveniences. Here are a few ways that render order can go wrong:

• Some but not all properties are to be precomped, but others must stay in the master comp: With precomping it’s all or nothing, leaving you to rearrange properties individually.

  TIP

  

  You may already know that a double-click opens a nested comp, and Alt–double-click (Opt–double-click) reveals it in the Layer viewer. How this functions varies according to which tool is active and specific settings in Preference > General.

• Un-nesting: Changed your mind? Restoring precomped layers to a parent composition is a manual (and thus error-prone) process, due to the difficulty of maintaining proper dependencies between the two (for example, if the nested comp has also been scaled, rotated, and retimed).

• 3D nesting: Do the layers being precomped include blending modes or 3D layers, cameras, or lights? Their behavior changes depending on the Collapse Transformations setting in downstream comps (detailed in the next section).

  script

  

  True Comp Duplicator (http://aescripts.com/true-comp-duplicator/) was created by Brennan Chapman to address the biggest bugbear of working with nested comps in After Effects: In a node-based app, you can duplicate an entire nested tree and all of the components are unique, but duplicate a comp in After Effects and its subcomps are the same as in the source. This script can reside in a panel ready to create an entire new hierarchy—highly recommended.

• Comp settings nesting: Is there motion blur, frame blending, or vector artwork in the subcomp? Switches in the master composition affect their behavior, as do settings on each nested layer, and this relationship changes depending on whether Collapse Transformations is toggled on.
• Layer timing (duration, In and Out points, frame rate) and dimensions can differ from the master comp: When this is unintentional, mishaps happen: Layers end too soon or are cropped inside the overall frame, or keyframes in the precomp fall between those of the master, wreaking havoc on tracking data, for example.
• Duplicating a comp that contains subcomps: The comp is new and completely independent, but the nested comps are not (see Tip on this page).

No wonder people avoid precomping. But there is hope if you recognize any difficulty and know what to do, so that inconveniences don’t turn into deal-breakers.

Boundaries of Time and Space

Each composition in After Effects contains its own fixed timing and pixel dimensions. This adds flexibility for animation but if anything reduces it for compositing. Most other compositing applications (such as Nuke) have no built-in concept of frame dimensions or timing and assume that the elements match the plate, as is often the case in visual effects work.

Therefore it is helpful to take precautions:

• Make source compositions longer than the shot is ever anticipated to be, so that if it changes, timing is not inadvertently truncated.

• Enable Collapse Transformations to allow the nested composition to ignore its boundaries (Figure 4.6).

  

  Figure 4.6. The nested comp has a blue background and the leg of the letter “p” extends outside its boundaries (top); a simple quick fix is to enable Collapse Transformations, and the boundaries of the nested comp are ignored (bottom).

• Add the Grow Bounds effect if Collapse Transformations isn’t an option (see the “Grow Bounds” sidebar on page 109).

Collapse Transformations is the most difficult of these to get your head around, so here is a closer look.

Collapse Transformations

In After Effects, when a comp is nested in another comp, effectively becoming a layer, the ordinary behavior is for the nested comp to be rendered completely before the layer can be adjusted in any form in the master comp.

However, there are exceptions. Keyframe interpolations, frame blending, and motion blur are all affected by the settings of the master comp—they use its frame rate, and thus keyframe timing (which can become tricky; see the next section). 3D position data and blending modes, on the other hand, are not passed through unless Collapse Transformations is enabled. Enable the toggle and it is almost as if the precomposed layers reside in the master comp—except that any 3D camera or lighting in the subcomp is overridden by the camera and lights in the master comp.

NOTES

The 04_collapse_transformations folder and project contain relevant example comps.

Any layer with Collapse Transformations enabled loses access to blending modes—those in the subcomp take precedence (and you can’t set two blending modes to one layer, obviously). Now here comes the trickiest part: Apply any effect to the layer (even Levels with the neutral defaults, which doesn’t affect the look of the layer) and you force After Effects to render the collapsed layer, making blending modes operable. It is now what the Adobe developers call a parenthesized comp. Such a nested comp is both collapsed and not: You can apply a blending mode, but 3D data is passed through (Figure 4.7).

Figure 4.7. You’re not supposed to be able to apply blending modes to ray-traced and other 3D scenes. You can precomp such a scene and enable Collapse Transformations so that all of its ray-traced 3D qualities are passed through, but you still can’t apply a blending mode such as Add (shown here). However, if you add a simple effect, such as Levels, unadjusted, transformations and shading are still passed through—occasionally a handy trick.

TIP

Annoyed to find sequences importing at the wrong frame rate? Change the default Sequence Footage Frames per Second under Preferences > Import.

So, if you need to collapse transformations but retain 3D data, apply any effect—even one of the Expression Controls effects that don’t by themselves do anything—to parenthesize the comp.

Nested Time

After Effects is not rigid about time, but digital video—whether source or output—definitely is. You can freely mix and change frame rates among compositions without changing the timing, as has been shown. However, because your source clips always have a very specific rate, pay close attention when you

Close-Up: Grow Bounds

Sometimes, enabling Collapse Transformations is not desirable—for example, if you set up 3D layers with a camera in a subcomp and don’t want their position to be changed by a camera in the master comp. The Grow Bounds effect overcomes one specific (and fairly rare) problem (in which the embedded layer is too small for an applied effect), but it is also useful in cases where other effects create a comp boundary that leads visual data to appear cropped.

• import an image sequence
• create a new composition
• mix comps with different frame rates

In the first two cases, watch out for careless errors. But you might actually want to maintain specific frame rates in subcomps, in which case you must set them deliberately on the Advanced tab of the Composition Settings dialog, as follows.

Advanced Composition Settings

In addition to the Motion Blur settings covered in detail in Chapter 8, Composition Settings > Advanced contains two toggles that influence how time and space are handled when one composition is nested into another.

Preserve Frame Rate maintains the frame rate of the composition wherever it goes—into another composition with a different frame rate setting or into the Render Queue with a specific, alternate frame rate set there (as was mentioned in Chapter 1, it can be done). So if a simple animation cycle looks right at 4 frames per second (fps), it won’t be frame blended across the higher frame rate, but will preserve the look of 4 fps.

TIP

The Posterize Time effect will force any layer to the specified frame rate.

Preserve Resolution When Nested controls what is called concatenation. Typically, if an element is scaled down in a composition that is then nested into another comp and scaled back up, the two operations are treated as one, so that no data loss occurs via quantization. This is usually a good thing. If the data in the subcomp is to appear pixelated, as if it were scaled up from a lower-resolution element, this toggle preserves the chunky pixel look.